Routine Activities Theory (RAT) and Reaction To Crime

Routine Activities Theory (RAT) and Reaction To Crime The RAT also known as the routine activities theory was founded in 1979 by two theorists name Marcus Felson and Lawrence Cohen (Miller, Mitchell, Richard, 2006). It was a reaction to crime rate in the US during the years of 1947-1974 states (Cohen Marcus, 1979). This was a time where both crime rate and economic conditions were increasing which made this a very popular theory reason for this was this theory was the only one to address crime at this point in time. Felson and Cohen based their theory on the rational choice model, which meant people made rational decision which was at their advantage and causing very little disadvantage (Akers Sellers, 2004). (Miller, Mitchell, Richard, 2006) The rational choice theory was the main concept in the classical school of criminology. Throughout this essay we will be looking at whether the routine activities theory prevent crime or displace crime. In order for a crime to occur, Felson and Cohen state there are three key elements which need to be present in order for the crime to be successful, these three elements are; a suitable target, a motivated offender, and absence of capable guardians (Cohen Marcus, 1979). (Akers Sellers, 2004) Suggests that if any of the three elements are to be missing the crime will not take place.The RAT is a framework which provides understanding of how crime occurs. Crime could be altered by manipulating any of the elements, therefore the methodology behind the RAT is crime prevention, and focuses on how crime is made. RAT explains that crime is normal and depends on the opportunities. The perfect type of crime which fits the profile of this theory is burglary. Burglary is a type of crime which is can be considered as a property crime, which is widespread in almost all communities. There are two major problems which can be caused by this type of crime;victims lose their possessions and the other is the amount which the crime puts on the individual.Although the RAT is a new theory, it can be said that this theory could help explain many crimes. The RAT is particularly successfully in explaining burglary. The RAT is a crime preventing methodology, only at time does it prevent crime from occurring but most of the time it displaces crime. Since the RAT is based on peoples routine and patterns on daily activates, taking a perfect of a person who works Monday to Friday and return home after work has a very low chances of becoming a victim (assault and robbery), but if that person is to attend major events such as sports, gigs where the amount of contact with people is huge are likely to become victims of a crime. in recent years there have been a lack of capable guardian and a pattern of excessive drinking which have caused death of two girls, although this hasoccurred patterns and movement in everyday life have changed in the last 30 years. It has changed so dramatically that having to remove both guardians from the house is likely to reduce the offenders chances of getting caught during a day time burglary, the RAT argues the point that crime is unlikely to occur when the presences of e lement to exist (Cohen Marcus, 1979). Most crime are result from exploited opportunity, rather than planning the crime they choose to commit crime spontaneously when the opportunity arises, some are more tempting then others. (Felson Clarke , 1998) has said that there are two acronyms which have been put in place to examine suitability of targets for crime, a: VIVA (standing for value, inertia, visibility, and access) and b: CRAVED; concealable, removable, available, valuable, enjoyable, and disposability which are the elements of conceal ability and disposability (Clarke, 1999) Visible target which are worth value are portable and easy to get at. Since RAT looks at the patterns and movement of daily activities for people it is can prevent crime and also at the same time displace crime, if a person can alter any of the three elements can crime could be prevented or displace depending on the outcome of the alteration. Reppetto (1976) has stated that there are five types of displacement. Spatial and territorial displacement-this happen to most common crimes, this is when crime is moved from one place to the other. Several researches have been made to see the movement for example (Chainey, 2000) found that CCTV is effect way to see the reduction in auto thefts and robbery. However some auto theft occurred in surrounding areas, but robberies didnt. Temporal displacement occurs when there is a movement in time when occurring, the crime for example the offender moving from weekday morning to weekend morning, but crime occurs in the same area. Important to RAT as it analysis pattern and movement. Target displacement-occurs when offends cannot get their target due to target hardening and other strategies put in place to stop offenders such as dogs, house alarms etc. Tactical displacement-when the criminal comes up with a new method of committing the crime, for example carjacking was easier 10-15 years ago than today. Functional displacement this occurs when it is difficult for an offender to commit and crime and is forced to commit another crime due to target hardening. In conclusion, there have been several approaches to studying victimology, they have suggested that the understanding the target, understanding the pattern and victim of crime that make offenders more attractive can provide important information and the examination of the crime. Knowing people and places where offenders are going to target and when the crime is likely to occur can be critical in preventing or reducing crime. The RAT is a perfect theory which provides patterns and analysis of day to day activities for individual who are a target, this also provides on which was this attack can be prevented but mostly the way that is can be displaces. This is a piratical theory which can provide information to victims on how to prevent of displace crime f5rom occurring and make them feel safe.

Employer rights and responsibilities workbook Essay

1.1 Equal opportunity: Equal and fair treatment, ensuring that people have equal access to opportunities and that the diversity of the work forces in value. * Equal Pay Act 1970 and its implementation Act 1975: to insure that men and woman would receive the same pay and conditions. * Sex Discrimination Act 1995 and Regulation 2003: to insure that men and woman are treated equally and fairly at workplace. * Disability Discrimination Act 1975: to deal with discrimination against an employee or potential employee because of their disability. 1.2 Employment protection: Outlines the duties, rights and responsibilities of employers and employees. * Employment Act 2002: to give additional rights to the employment. * Employment Rights Act 1996: Where employees are entitled to maternity and paternity leave and termination of employees. * Employment Relations Act 2004: to deal with employee relations and the operation of the statutory recognition for trade unions. 1.3 Health and Safety: Laws t hat keeps everyone safe and reduce hazard and manage skills, at work. * Health and Safety at work Act 1974: to raise the standard of health and safety for all individuals at work and to ensure the environment is safe and non hazardous to the health of employees. The employer and employee have common responsibility for health and safety. Read more:Â  Statutory Responsibilities and Rights of Employees and Employers Essay Task 2. * Job contract. * HR Department. * Policy and Procedures. * Team leader, NW manager, etc. * Job description (terms and conditions). * Citizen Advisory Bureau. * Unison. * Solicitor. * Employment Tribunal. * Advice agencies. Task 3. * Grievance procedure: Any grievance to the terms and conditions of employment should be discussed with manager. If the matter is not solved then it should be pursued with the grievance policy. * Disciplinary matters: The Trust has a Disciplinary procedure policy in the HR Department and also at the work place. Any breach of the Disciplinary rules will lead to disciplinary action, including dismissal. If the employee is dissatisfied with the formal disciplinary action then the employee has the right to appeal within 21 days of written confirmation of the disciplinary action taken. The aim of the Disciplinary Procedure for all staff of the trust is to ensure uniformity of treatment between one individual and another and between one group of staff and another. To ensure justice for individual employees, to provide protection to the efficiency and smooth running of the trust, work place, etc. This procedure applies to all the staff employed by the trust. * Rehabilitation of offenders Act: The employee is required to disclose to the trust of any caution, conviction, bind-over’s, motoring convictions or police proceedin gs. The employee is also required to apply for CRB. * Confidentiality: An employee has a duty of confidence to patients and a duty to maintain professional ethical standards of confidentiality. Under the Data Protection Act 1998 anyone working with personal information in any form must ensure it remains confidential and that only people who need the information have access to it and that only minimum information necessary is processed. Task 4. Employee number- It is a number assigned to an employee by the employer. Employee name – Name of the person who is an employee. Tax code – This is number followed by a letter. It tells the amount of tax to the employer to be deducted from employee. This is based on information given by HMRC. National Insurance Number – It is a personal and unique number of an employee, who keeps it throughout his/her life during/ when applying for employment. Net pay year to date – This section shows how much have been paid in the financial year. It shows how much National Insurance and tax have been made. Pay before deductions (gross pay) – The amount of employees wages before deduction of tax, pension and national insurance. The deductions made for income tax – This is a tax on each individuals income paid to the national government to spend on other services such as NHS, Defense, social security and public services. The deductions for a pension – A deduction from the employee wages for his/her retirement and to increase the income for pensioner. The amount you actually receive (after deductions) – It is the totally amount (net) of money the employee will take home after all the deductions have been made. Task 5. Grievance policy: Grievance is a dispute between employer and employee. It is basically any disagreement between them. Regarding to the grievance policy at work: * Employers should have their grievance procedure in writing and make sure that all staff are aware of any policy or procedure. * At early stage, the grievance has to be given a chance to be dealt informally with the immediate line manager. Pursuing the formal routine should be a last resort rather than the first option. * Employees should let the employer know the nature of the grievance and issue on time. * Employers are responsible to arrange any formal meeting without unreasonable delay to investigate and to establish the facts of the case. * Employers should allow the employee to be accompanied at any formal meeting and should permit the employee the right to appeal against any formal decision made. Task 6. Personal information kept by my employer about myself is: Name, Date of birth, bank details, NIC umber, address, telephone number, next of kin, tax code, education and qualification, training and courses attended, CRB check, personal health or any health conditions. Employers need to keep some personal information about their employees, as required by law and some for employer’s purpose, as well as in line with Data Protection Act 2003. Under the Data Act 1998, employees are entitled to have access to their own personal information, in order to verify or correct any inaccuracy. Stored – ESR, Electronic records. Access – Network Manager, Manager, HR Department. Task 7. My Role, Responsibilities and job description: I carry out my role and duties with full responsibility that are agreed in my job description in line with the Policy & Procedure of the organization, as well as Health and safety. My role, responsibilities and job description include: * Being a Key worker, I need to support Service users to convene, set dates and invite identified individuals to their PCP at least once every 4months. * Support service users to access activities of their choice within and around the local community. * Support service users who wish to go on holiday, to plan and access holidays of their choice. * Ensure all the assessments/paperwork for service users are completed. * Ensure any items purchased by service users or on their behalf are recorded on inventories. * Ensure that service user’s health records are up dated and reflect their current health and outcome of appointment attended. * Attend training courses/meetings to update/maintain knowledge and skills to carry out Support Worker/ key worker role effectively. * Where required work with professionals, in order to de velop and set up appropriate guidelines for service users. * Support service users to attend health appointments and if possible a Key worker should attend the appoint ment to make sure there is continuity. * Ensure to bring to attention of the Team leader/Network manager of issues related to Service users which affect their health or prevent them from achieving goal/action. General Responsibilities: * To support all service users at home with their daily routine eg personal care, dressing, meals, etc. * To support service users to be as independent as possible by promoting independence in all aspects of their lives. * To offer choice in all aspects of daily living. * To provide a clean and pleasant home environment, in both private area and communal areas. * To provide support to service users to attend their activities and appointments e.g. shopping, family visits, disco, etc. * To administer medication and maintain accurate record of Marr Sheet, financial transactions and record any accidents or incidents which may occur. My role affects the running of the setting by carrying out my duties & responsibilities as team member and by working in the best interests of the service users, as I am providing emotional, moral and practical support according to their needs. Task 8. Other health professionals are: * GP/Doctor. * Nurse/ District nurse. * Physiotherapist. * Dentist. * Reflexologist. * Psychologist. * Psychiatrist * Speech and Language therapist. * Care manager. * Social services. * Chiropodist/ podiatrist. * Epilepsy Dr/Nurse. * Opticians. My role is to assist these Health Professionals to carry out their duty/job according to their profession in order to improve the health of service users. These health professionals may provide: * Offer advice, information, diagnosis or treatment related to the service user. * May prescribe medicine/ drugs or may refer to another professional for further tests/opinions. * Advice support worker/key worker to carry out the treatment at home or use the equipment out home eg Flowtron boots. * Advice support worker to carry out the guidelines and report of any changes which may be harmful for service user or treatment not improving the health of the service user. It is my responsibility to work alongside the health professionals to ensure the well being of the service users and to provide them the services they need to be in good health. Task 9. * Team leader. * Network manager. * Operational manager. * Social worker. * Physiotherapist. * Podiatrist. * Nursing e.g. children, adults, mental health. * Reflexologist. * Occupational therapist. * Health care jobs: Ambulance Care assistant. * Speech and language therapist. Task 10. My own professional development plans: Short term: I would like to complete NVQ3. Medium term: To update my mandatory and other trainings according to my employer. Look for any other new things going on in my work sector. Long term: look and find a Diploma/degree which is interesting to me. Then according my knowledge and skills, I would like to apply for that Diploma/degree course in a college or university, where available. Task 11. Issue: Cost cutting. Key points in favor: To save money for the future. Key points against: Lack of resources. Providing poor health care. Low morale among staff. Issue: Privatization of NHS. Key points in favor: To build a better health care sector. To provide better quality of care. Key points against: Good quality of care will be provided to a person who can afford it but not everyone. Employers may not like the strict terms and conditions of the job. Old and vulnerable people may not receive good quality of care as they may not afford it as they are on benefits/pension, etc.

Why Everybody Is Talking About Essay Topics for Government Exams and What You Have to Do

Why Everybody Is Talking About Essay Topics for Government Exams and What You Have to Do You may continue to keep your argumentative essays for your upcoming job portfolio in case they're highly graded. If you're reading an English newspaper, search for articles on the usual topics and highlight any superior vocabulary. It is possible to directly or indirectly anticipate a whole lot of questions from such sections. There are various kinds of music on the planet today. The New Fuss About Essay Topics for Government Exams Some people believe that schools should select students based on their academic abilities, while some think it is much better to have students with various abilities studying together. It is likewise very important to review words regularly. Also, make sure to check at the word in a sentence to be attentive to the way it relates to other words. Memorising difficult words isn't going to help much. The shape of each letter is dependent on its kind. Anyway, direct and indirect quotes are necessary to support your understanding of academic writing style. Before writing an essay, plan your ideas and ideas and place them on the paper in a really structured way. The primary aim of topic choice for a proposal essay is to demonstrate the idea can be put into place in practice. Quite frequently, the ideal topic is one which you truly care about, but you also will need to get ready to research it. The content following a sub heading should include a major element linked to the primary topic plus adhere to the excess information meant to provide under that. The most important issue is that theme ought to have no less than two valid viewpoint. Make certain that a candidate isn't diverted from the subject. Give certain reasons and examples to back up your answer. Some people believe that keeping pets is great for children while some think that it is dangerous and unhealthy. It is preferable to grow up in a family with a lot of brothers and sisters. For instance, you can pick a topic for elementary, middle, or higher school. During the last few years it has come to be quite popular for students to select government related topics for their writing assignments. Essay Topics for Government Exams - Overview The descriptive paper will happen immediately after the conclusion of the online objective paper. A typical dictionary for reference needs to be kept handy while preparation. Any topic that might be indirectly linked to the schemes can be asked in the exam where you'll be asked to write down the information. You've got to type the response to every question with the aid of the keyboard. Essay Topics for Governm ent Exams Use the chapter exams as a pre-assessment to learn your weak spots, then conserve time by working through only the lessons you want. To finish the descriptive paper in given time, candidates will need to increase their speed level. Simply take all the time you've been allotted. Consider your time again. If you are searching for a Minneapolis HVAC contractor, we wish to be part of making your home the cozy palace it deserves to be. You're given climate as the area of study. F. Bacon The main intention of the capital isn't to get as much money as possible, yet to make sure that money results in a better life. Explore the beneficial and negative impacts of this shift. If Development isn't engendered, it's endangered 10. Communication has changed significantly in the past ten decades. Innovation is the real key to climbing a greater ladder of succeeding. Education gives us the understanding of the world around us. By doing this you're able to easily finish the de scriptive paper. Though the essay questions change, the topic of the essays often stays the same. They have been divided into common PTE Essay writing. Structure your essay in accordance with the topic. The Essay Topics list is provided for English in addition to Hindi section. Essays enable a writer to come up with and increase his writing skills. Informative essays are somewhat more descriptive. Some developing countries invite large multinational organizations to open offices and factories as a way to aid their economy. This scheme intends to give cheap medical facilities to lacs of Indian India produces largest graduates each year, but a bulk are unemployable because of the inadequate education system. Though it is an issue that has been prevalent since ancient times, in the 21st century its harmful effect was felt on a sizable scale. As global trade increases between different nations, many daily necessities are created in different nations.

Using Compound Prepositions in Spanish Sample Sentences

As explained with our list of compound prepositions, it is common in Spanish for a phrase to function in much the same way as a simple preposition, showing the relationship between a noun (or a related type of word, such as a pronoun or an infinitive acting as a noun) and another part of a sentence. Here are some examples of these types of phrases in action; the prepositional phrases and their English translations (other translations are often possible) are in boldface:  ¿Matarà ­as a cambio de mucho dinero? Would you kill in exchange for a lot of money? El actor fallecià ³ a los 90 aà ±os a causa de una paro cardiaco. The actor died at 90 years of age because of a heart stoppage. Tenemos muchas cuestiones acerca de las tecnologà ­as nuevas. We have many questions about the new technologies. Los valores humanos y à ©ticos son sacrificados a fin de ganar votos. Human values and ethics are sacrificed in order to win votes. Esto no significa que antes de los noventas no existiera este formato de negocios. This doesnt mean that before the 90s this way of doing business didnt exist. A pesar de todo voy a dormirme con una inmensa sonrisa. Despite everything, Im going to fall asleep with a huge smile. Llega al mercado un teclado a prueba de agua. A waterproof keyboard arrives on the market. Un hombre de 50 aà ±os està ¡ a punto de ser desahuciado de su vivienda. A 50-year-old man is on the verge of being evicted from his dwelling. Cerca de mi casa aparecià ³ un buho. An owl showed up near my home. Arabia Saudita derribarà ¡ aviones israelà ­pes con rumbo a Irà ¡n. Saudi Arabia will shoot down Israeli airplanes en route to Iran. Lesotho es el à ºnico paà ­s africano que està ¡ dentro de otro. Lesotho is the only African country that is inside of another. Infà ³rmate sobre la preparacià ³n en caso de desastres y emergencias. Get informed about preparation in case of disasters and emergencies. No pongas los pies encima de la mesa. Dont put your feet on top of the table. Hay muchas cosas que puedes hacer en vez de estudiar. There are many things you can do instead of studying. Creo que es la primera vez que alguien fuera de mi familia me ha dicho esto. I think it is the first time anyone outside of my family has told me this. El hotel està ¡ mal ubicado lejos de la playa en medio de nada. The hotel is poorly situated far from the beach in the middle of nothing.